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William A. Bowles
William A. Bowles (1799 – March 28, 1873) was a physician who held the rank of Major General in the OSL (Order of Sons of Liberty) in Indiana in the early 1860s. The OSL was either an offshoot of, or front group for, the KGC (Knights of the Golden Circle). The KGC (itself a continuation and/or restructuring of other groups which were founded about 1834) was an anti-Union paramilitary secret society, which began operating about 1854 and continued to operate (under various names and front groups) for several years after the U. S. Civil War.〔See https://archive.org/stream/authenticexposit00perr#page/n7/mode/2up - ''An Authentic Exposition of the "K. G. C." "Knights of the Golden Circle"; or, A History of Secession from 1834 to 1861'' (Indianapolis, Indiana: Charles O. Perrine, Publisher, 1861)〕〔See https://archive.org/stream/sonsofliberty00stidrich#page/n7/mode/2up - ''Treason History of the Order of Sons of Liberty, Formerly Circle of Honor, Succeeded by Knights of the Golden Circle, Afterward Order of American Knights. The Most Gigantic Treasonable Conspiracy the World has Ever Known. 1864.'' (Chicago: Published by the Author - Copyright 1903 ) - Edited by Felix Grundy Stidger (Aug. 5, 1836 - May 12, 1908)〕 In 1857 Bowles was one of the co-founders of the town of French Lick, Indiana located in Orange County, Indiana. In the mid-1830s he began a mineral springs resort at French Lick which exists to this day. William's parents were Isaac Bowles (April 1, 1777 – 1847) and Mary Bagford (May 13, 1777 – April 12, 1842).〔See http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=n&GRid=18743227〕
==Pre-Civil War==
Bowles was the first person to operate a lodge at the mineral springs at French Lick. He did so after the mineral springs in the area proved to be not saline enough for the purpose of state-sponsored salt mining.〔Wissing p.78〕 Sometime between 1829–1833 William's brother, Thomas Carrington Bowles (Jan. 24, 1806 – Aug. 16, 1840), moved to the area and bought the salt springs and accompanying land from the Indiana state government almost 1,500 acres in total.〔See http://www.ingenweb.org/inorange/histfl.htm - "History of French Lick" (reprinted from the ''Springs Valley Herald'', issue of Sept. 19, 1957)〕 However, shortly thereafter, Thomas sold the land to his brother William and moved to Washington County, Indiana. In 1840 William began to sell the mineral spring water, dubbing it "Pluto Water," and by 1844 he had built a wooden hotel (80–100 feet long and 3 stories high) to accommodate those visiting the mineral springs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=French Lick ) 〕
During the Mexican-American War, as a result of federal legislation such as the Wilmot Proviso, governor of Indiana James Whitcomb appointed Bowles a colonel in the Second Indiana Regiment. On February 22, 1847, during the Battle of Buena Vista, the Indiana militia fared poorly, with Bowles being the one to call retreat. A court martial trial which was held concerning this incident declared that the soldiers who retreated were not guilty of cowardice.〔Esarey pp.443-449〕 Jefferson Davis defended Bowles during the proceedings, resulting in a lifelong friendship between the two men.〔
In the 1850s Bowles organized the Knights of the Golden Circle to counteract the Underground Railroad activity within the region. He helped to found the town of French Lick in 1857.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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